![]() A real system is modeled to understand its behavior. ![]() In industry sectors, such as manufacturing, aviation, and logistics, M&S techniques have led to major improvements in decision making, efficiency, and quality. Modeling has been used by healthcare professionals to investigate disease mechanisms and design novel pharmaceutical agents. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) has been commonly used in various scientific domains including ecology, social sciences, economics, and engineering. Finally, we identify certain challenges to, and opportunities for, future research in the area. We provide three application examples of different simulation techniques, including a) pathophysiological model of acute lung injury, b) process modeling of critical care delivery, and c) an agent-based model to study interaction between pathophysiology and healthcare delivery. This article provides an overview of major computer-based simulation techniques as applied to critical care medicine. However, modeling and simulation applications in critical care remain underutilized. The novel insights gained from the systems perspective can then be used to develop and test new treatment strategies and make critical care delivery more efficient and effective. Various modeling and simulation techniques offer unique opportunities to better understand the interactions between clinical physiology and care delivery. Critical care delivery is a complex, expensive, error prone, medical specialty and remains the focal point of major improvement efforts in healthcare delivery.
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